Alexandria City Cultural walk

Alexandria is a city speaks Art, wandering  its streets  requires from you to keep your head up while you walk around, in order to picture with your eyes a remarkable artistic touch has brushed this city especially its architecture.

Since the time of its foundation, the history wrote pages about the exceptional role it played in various fields of arts, a leading center of creativity that how it was titled by both early and contemporary historians.

Alexandria gained special attention from The Mohammed Ali's dynasty (1805-1950), Mohammed Ali had adopted a construction project and the city has witnessed a huge development in architecture, an innovatory and new basis have been applied.

There were efforts to modernize Egypt. Mohamed Ali and later his son Ismail called in foreign experts to develop the country’s infrastructure and civil administration. Italian experts played a major role in that process, especially towards Alexandria to convert it to a modern city, allowing foreign influence to revive its past heritage with a modern touch.

There is a great influence of the Alexandrian history on its built environment; it was marked with architectural elements and ornamental Motifs inspired by diverse cultures lived on its land, being represented in arty

Figures and symbols such protective heads or heroes from ancient Egyptian & Greek mythology, and more were coming out of religious symbols whether Christian or Islamic.

Some of these examples of unique Alexandrian architecture would be noted in :

Misr Train station (Alexandria),Mahtet Misr in Arabic,the train station façade are fronted with columns which are decorated with a sculpted head in a pharaonic style and is flanked by a branch of Lotus plants .Construction year: 1915-1925

Architects: (Italians) Antonio Lasciac & Leonidas Iconomopolou .

A walking along Fouad avenue will lead you to Sayed Darwich theatre,it's The Alexandria Opera House which was constructed in 1918 during the reign of Sultan Fuad I and named "Mohamed Ali Theatre"‌. The original owner was Badr El Din Kerdany , A Lebanese resident who had appointed French architect Georges Baroque to do the design. In 1962 the theatre was renamed "Sayed Darwish Theatre"‌ in honour of this pioneer of Arab music.

The design of the theatre was inspired with the outstanding European Opera houses (Austria and France), ornamented with the neo-classical style .

In search of a royal art, The Kiosk or Tea villa is the best object, it locates in the garden of Al Montazah which is about 3000 meters wide, Montaza was a popular spot for the royal palaces. The area that once belonged to Mohamed Ali’s family .This villa was the favorite spot for former King Farouk to have his 5 o'clock tea and meeting the elite of Egyptian society at that time .The building is fronted on 2 sides by life-size statues, representing good-looking women, resembling the Classic Greek art, even the portico of the villa is formed in a shape of Greek temple.

Back to city center, where a genuine piece of architecture stands high in Sultan Hassan Street, It's Mohamed Fieter 's Building; one of few buildings still remain  in city center reflecting the luxurious and rich architecture. It belongs to a wealthy Alexandrian family.

At the highest part of the building, there are two colossal statues on both edges, wearing warrior costumes and holding swords, as a symbol of guarding the edifice. Also a remarkable sculpted crown is at the center which carries the initial of the building owner.

Tracing the influence of spiritual beliefs is essential in a city has been always known for embracing the divine religions.My eyes were caught by an administrative building has a unique decorative element that represents St.Mark in a form of a lion, with a winged body and human head, holding a bible in his hands.

St. Mark is the author of 'Gopsel of Mark", he was one of the seventy that Christ appointed to spread his teachings. He came to Alexandria in 61 A.C and stayed for about seven years. He is considered the founder of the church in Alexandria And also the first martyr by pagans who were angry of spreading the message of Christianity.

In Coptic art, he was incarnated as a lion, it was one of his miracles that during a hunt journey with his father, he was attacked by two wild lions, but defeated them by saying prayers that once he finished the lions were departed in fear .

Another unique sculpted façade ,is of the Church of St.Catherine , The present church locates in Manshiya small square –Alexandria, it was built in 1850 by Fr.Serafino Da Baceno and reconstructed in 1920 by Mario Avena .It's a model of Chiesa di S. Maria dei Servi  Toscana in Italy .St.Catherine was a Christian virgin and a popular early martyr, In Alexandria; she rebuked the Roman emperor Maxentius for his persecution of Christians and converted the philosophers he had ordered to debate with her. The emperor condemned her to be broken on the wheel, but, by a miracle, the wheel collapsed.She was afterward beheaded. Saint Catherine's body is said to have been discovered on Mount Sinai in about 800. The Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai dates from 527 A.C was founded and became a pilgrimage spot.

Domes of Sidi Yaqut Mosque

In the oldest district of the city, A pearl of Islamic architecture is sparkling, the last king of Mohamed Ali's family; King Farouk (1937.-1952), had sought to make Alexandria the Jewel of the Mediterranean but with preserving its Arabic glory. There, he built a wide square known as "Midan el Masaged", or the "Square of Mosques". The Mosque of Abu el Abbas el Mursi was the focal point and center of this square, and it is surrounded by five other mosques, among which is that of al-Busiri and Sidi Yaqut al- 'Arshi.

During (1928 &1935) the mosque was reconstructed and restored by the government in a beautiful Arabian style. The Italian-born architects: Eugenio Valzania & Mario Rossi undertook the mission of supervising this reconstruction    

 

  

Fouad Avenue is considered to be the heart of the city, and also where a large number of the thirties and forties century buildings stand. A course of buildings distinguish the development of world architecture, it's a study case can't be found anyplace else. Especially this unusual mausoleum of Saint (Sheik)to be centered between domestic buildings ,with colored walls in red and yellow ,like a petite blossoming  rose in middle of blocks .

'a Little Venice in Alexandria', is the best title to be given to this well executed construction , In 1929 a municipal prize for best façade has been given to this building ,which stands on the cornice –Eastern port, combining simple architectural characteristics with  artistic mosaic walls.

Alexandria is a city that  has a hidden treasure , full of stories can be told through its construction, which put us back in time to breeze the brilliance of past, It's a city would never vanish or let grime covers its beauty .

 written by :

Nermine Sami Abd El Fattah

Freelancer Tour guide & Archaeologist

special Thanks to Eman H. Zidan
for Article editing and publishing in:

ARCHAEOLOGY TIMES MAGAZINE

The story of St.Mina and his monastery :

St.Mena was born to a family from Nikeos,Capital of Upper Egypt,his father was a governor of the African state ,his mother Ophomea was barren and she implored Saint Mary to intercede with Christ The Lord on her behalf to bear a child.'Amen', came a voice from the Virgin's icon ,in 286 AD. she got Mena and brought him up a devout Christian ,

he joined the Roman Military and after his father's death ,he was appointed by the governor as his deputy army leader.

On the Roman Emperor Diocletian denial of Christ ,Mena distributed his wealth and left for the desert in pursuit of a hermit life of prayer.five years later he saw martyrs crowned in open heaven and decided to return home to confess his faith in Christ.Not swayed by persecution .St.Mena was beheaded in 309 A.C,the persecuting leader then threw the saint's body into the fire where it stayed untouched for three days.

Later the body was moved to Mariot in western desert near Alexandria .As a result of many miracles worked through his body ,a city developed around the shrine of st.Mena .

In 1959 ,Pope Kyrillos VI established the modern monastery of st.Mena next to the remains of the historical city ,and the area has since started to regain its former glory . The remains of the city was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

the new monastery is a Coptic Orthodox monastery located in the Western Desert near Alexandria contains several churches ,the most famous the building of Cathederal of St.Mena which its consecration was on Monday 10 January 2005,one of the biggest cathedral in north Africa .

The origin of Egypt's name

(Map of Egypt )

Written By : Nermin Sami Abd El Fattah.

Original article: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/kmt.htm

21-10-2002

Why Egypt is called "Egypt"-"Misr"?
Over the millenniums, Egypt has had many names in many different languages. Today, its official name is Jumhuriyah Misr Al-Arabiyah, which means in English the “Arab Republic of Egypt”.

The Egyptians themselves refer to Egypt as ‘Misr’, though this can also be
a name for the city of Cairo.

Interestingly, it’s common among Egyptians who live outside of Cairo to refer to the city itself by saying ‘Misr’, in a certain respect; this is a custom that dates to the earliest times of ancient Egypt.

The different names of Egypt can be divided into 3 main groups, according to their chronology:-

The 1st group (Dating back to the Old Kingdom) :-

In the early period of the Egyptian history, during the Old Kingdom, Egypt was referred to as ‘Kemet’ (Kermit), or simply ‘Kmt’, which means "the Black land" or "fertile land".

-And the ancient Egyptians had named themselves "remetch en Kemet", which means the "People of the Black Land". The term refers to the rich soil, found in the Nile Valley and Delta.

-Also they used the word “Deshret", or "desert’, which refers to the "Red Land", or 'Deserts’
of which Egypt is mostly comprised.

2nd group :( Dating back to The New kingdom):-

Later, the ancient Egyptians referred to their country as (Ht-ka-Ptah) or (Hout-ak Ptah) , which means "Temple for Ka of Ptah", or more properly, "The House of the Ka of Ptah" ; Ptah was one of Egypt's earliest Gods. As in modern Egypt, this was the name for the administrative centre of Egypt (Memphis), as well as the name of the country as a whole.

-Then during the 9th century B.C., the ancient Greek poet writer ‘Homer’ has mentioned for the first time the name of ‘Aegyptus’ in one of his epics ‘Odyessey’; which explains that the word of ‘Egypt’ derives from the Greek mythological figure ‘Aegyptus’ who ruled over Egypt, and was the son of the king Belus ( the son of Poseidon )and Queen Anchinoe .
He had a twin brother called Danaus,the two brothers had 100 children- Aegyptus had 50 sons ,and Danaus had 50 daughters.

The brothers were on bad terms; and to make peace, Aegyptus wanted his 50 sons to marry Danaus's 50 daughters, the Danaids' daughters refused, and Together with their father, they fled to Argos where Danaus became a king.

Aegyptus and his 50 sons followed them there, at which point Danaus decided to let the marriages happen. On the day of the wedding Danaus gave each of his daughters a knife and instructed all of them to kill their new husbands in their wedding beds.

All but one were successful - the disobedient daughter; Hypermnestra; was put in prison by her father for disobeying his order, but later on she was rescued by her husband.The Greek Goddess Artemis killed the Danaids' for their crime and they were sent to the underworld, punished forever by a cruel penalty.

-During the Ptolemaic Period, the ancient Greeks have referred to Egypt with the word ‘Aegyptus’ that was originally derived from ‘Ht-Ka-Ptah’.The ancient Greek was having a difficulty in pronouncing the letter ‘H’ in ‘Ht-Ka-Ptah’ ,on account of that they omitted the letter ‘H’ and altered the ‘K’ with the letter ‘G’, moreover they added ‘os’ as an ending to this word.

This illustrates how the modern European languages have derived the word ‘Egypt’ from ‘Aegyptus’. Since then ‘Egypt’ has become the formal name for this country in English language, ’Aegypten’ in German, and ‘Egitto’ in Italian.

-After the Arab conquest to Egypt in 641 A.C., the word ‘Aegypti’ which formerly meant ‘Egyptian Citizen’ had been converted by Arab to become ‘Copti’ and it kept the same meanings. The word of ‘Copti’ hereafter was used to refer only to the Christian Egyptians.

3rd group: ‘Misr’ The modern Arabic name of Egypt :-

It’s interesting that the Arabic name ’Misr’ [ literally means Country] derives from an ancient Egyptian word ’Md_r’ ;means ‘fortress’ or ‘castellated’. It’s a name referring to Egypt as a land has been gifted natural protective borders from invaders.

‘Misr’ has frequently been mentioned in the Holy book of Qur’an, and it becomes the modern name that is used by Arabs for Egypt.

Tanoura Show @Cairo

Written By: Nermine Sami Abd El Fattah.

20-10-2003.

While you are visiting the ancient part of Cairo city, you should not miss the chance of spending a pleasant evening at The El-Ghuri Wakala,Built in 1504 A.D. by Sultan Qunsuwah Al Ghouri, late during the reign of Mamelukes, Wakalat El-Ghouri was originally designed as an inn for accommodating traders coming from all parts of the globe as well as a marketplace for trading goods and a venue for making trade deals.now It is selected as the seat for reviving conventional handicrafts as well as housing ateliers of contemporary artists.

Attending one of the most amazing Egyptian Folk musical nights called ‘El Tanoura Show’,it's performed by ‘El Tanoura Troupe for the Cultural Heritage’; which has given varied performances in over 30 countries, there are no entry fees ,it’s a courtesy of The Egyptian ministry of Culture to Egypt's visitors.

The Show commences at 8:00 pm during the summer and early at 7:00 pm (winter time), for 3 days a week on Saturday, Monday and Wednesday.

The Show:
At the beginning , Selections of Folkloric music will be played by local Egyptian musicians, previewing The Egypt’s musical heritage.

Then comes ‘The Tanoura ‘Presentation Dance and lastly they end the show with the very special spiritual Whirling Dervish (Darawish) performing.

'Darawish' is a Turkish word to describe the Sufi person who is the one comes at doors to enlighten people and he is a member of a Muslim religious order noted for devotional exercises (as bodily movements leading to a trance)

The meaning of Dancer’s movements:-As the major Tanoura dancer moves himself around, the other dancers start to follow in his dancing steps by whirling around him in a great harmony,in order to act out the movement of the planets on space around the sun.

-The Tanoura dancer unties the four different skirts (Tanoura) to roll them round his moving body during the finale, their various rounds symbolize the succession of the four seasons, and their anti-clock wise movement is a symbol of the movement that the Muslims usually do around ‘The Kaaba’ (the holy shrine in Mecca) during the Pilgrimage.

The History of Sufism& Dervish:

Sufism is the faith of Spirituality in Islam Religion which accepts the concept that all Divine Religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam ) have one message ,Sufism is basically founded upon the universal and unconditional forgiveness.

The branch of Sufi Mysticism practised widely in Turkey where it was begun by a man called ‘Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi’ (Ottoman Empire -13th Century A.D.),this branch was famous for its Whirling Dervish Tradition ,and from here it came the relation between Sufism and Dervish.

With relation to this, certainly there is no comparison between the Egyptian Dervish show and The Sufi Whirling Dervish performing in Turkey, as each show has a different perspective on the music and art it presents,Moreover the Turkish Whirling Dervish is a kind of religious ceremony.

The beauty of the Egyptian Dervish performance is that you’ll completely interact emotionally & physically with the music and entertaining Melody.

Christmas in Egypt

My Original Article :
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/christmas.htm


The Nativity (Christmas)
you may think that there is no Christmas celebration in Egypt for considering Egypt as an Islamic country...but in Egypt there is amount of Christians who are living peacefully side by side with Egyptian Muslims.
Egyptian Orthodox Christians (or Coptic Christians) celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ on January 7th, a date equivalent to the 29th day of the Coptic month of " Khiahk". Of course, in many other countries Christmas is celebrated on December 24th, The difference in the dates comes from the difference between the Coptic and Gregorian calendars. However, because of the time the Holy Family spent in Egypt with the infant Jesus.

Christmas is a very special celebration in Egypt, and it's more religious than in anywhere else cause the Coptic of Egypt are still so caring and stick to their religious rituals, therefore All Coptic feasts come after a period of fasting. A Coptic fast means going completely without food for a part of the day, according to one's strength. It is called "lent fasting", and formally lasts from November 25th until January 6th (Advent), though the majority of people only fast for the last week. For the rest of the day, only food which has no animal products in it may be eaten. Therefore, meat, fish, eggs and milk are forbidden This is of course a time of great celebration, and holiday season special choirs present concerts of Christmas carols with a mixed program of international and Coptic music.
Like in the west, homes are decorated with lights and Christmas trees. Some Christmas trees are real, but many are artificial....and you can find a lot of stores in Egypt are selling Christmas trees and its all decoration stuffs.
Nowadays, the Coptic Nativity is celebrated by a special midnight service in the church, followed by the ringing of the church's bells. The largest service is held by the Coptic pope in Saint Mark's cathedral in Cairo. This service, usually conducted by the Pope at the 11:00 PM services, is even broadcast on Egyptian TV. After the service, families go home to break their fast and children receive new clothes and gifts. The meal is called fatta, and usually consists of meat and rice.

Copts also make special sweet biscuits at Nativity that are decorated with a cross. In fact, it's the same "kahk" that Muslims make for Eid el fitr. Whether Egyptians are Muslims or Christians, their way in celebration is the same.

In the Egyptian Coptic church, a special bread called "Qurban" is given to people during the service in the church and it is also available outside the church after the service. It is made in very large quantities for the big festivals. Qurban bread is decorated with a cross in the middle, surrounded by twelve dots. Of course, those dots represent the twelve apostle of Jesus Christ.On Christmas morning people visit friends and neighbors.

The Nativity (Christmas) in Past:
Nothing has changed since Islam came to Egypt in 642. Coptics had and continue to have the freedom to practice their religion, including feasts. Even the Fatimid caliphs (who had several Coptic & Jewish palace officials) often encouraged non-Muslim festivals. In fact, the Nativity became one of the main festivals celebrated by both Christians and Muslims. The caliph once distributed special trays of food to princes and officials, especially including dishes of "bouri" (mullet fish) and "Zalabya" (doughnuts).

During the Nativity, churches have always been decorated with special candles and lamps. Copts also gave candles and lamps as gifts to their families, neighbors and friends, as well as to the poor. It is believed that the candles are in memory of Joseph the Carpenter, who lit lamps to protect Mary (The Virgin) from the cold on the night of the Nativity. For many centuries the Nativity was celebrated by performances in the streets and by fire-shows. In the Mamlouk times, lamps decorated the streets and candles were everywhere.
References:
*Festivals of Egypt(Book by Jailan Abbas) .
*Some information from christian colleagues.

A journey underwater – Alexandria Submerged Antiquities

Written By :Nermin Sami

The underwater archaeology is one of the modern sciences, not more than two centuries, a permanent interest started by the beginning of the twentieth century upon the discovery of the remainder of the sunken ship near by "Anticthera" in Greece in 1900.

And the invention of regulator by Cousteau in 1943 was a beginning to proceed with underwater excavations. And it's only in the early '50s that Cousteau himself began to do underwater archaeological excavations.

The beginning of the underwater archaeology work in Egypt:

(City of Alexandria- Egypt)

This science was known by the mid nineties in Egypt, which motivated the supreme council of Antiquities to establish a special administration for submerged monuments by the end of 1996; The credit for this returned to the picking up of artifacts from the sea near by Qaitbey’s Fort which named Al Fanar place in 1995, also to the discovery of the Eastern Harbor in 1996 .

But the question why this science started so late in Egypt? In Alexandria during the Second World War there was a difficulty to dive, because there was a continuous state of war. The area was continuously occupied by the Egyptian Marines. And you have to get a lot of permits to be able to dive, and it's somewhat difficult to get these permits. besides The Northern coast of Egypt is difficult for diving.

the first work done in this field going back to the year 1908 when an engineer named "Maval" discovered the remainder of an old pier while working in the Dekhila Gulf.

In 1910, while expanding Alexandria western Harbor “Gaston Jondet” French engineer discovered sunken establishments which appeared to look like ancient harbor sidewalks to the west of the Pharos island.

The chance had played an important role in discovering the first site for submerged monuments in Egypt. A British pilot had noticed the remainder of a sunken ship while flying above Abu Qeir Gulf.

(Prince Omar Tusson)

He reported the location to the prince "Omar Tusson" who was known for his passion for antiquities, and who was a member of The Royal Antiquities Association in Alexandria then, the prince carried out financing the process of searching, and in May 5, 1933, the divers went to the mentioned area to find a head made of marble for Alexander the Great, now sited in the Graeco – Roman Museum.

Prince Omar Toson had noticed that the place where he found the statue of Alexander's head represents a temple and the place in its east side represents a residential city, when he compared this discovery with the old sources, he connected these places by Minotes city. He was able to identify Heraclium(herakleion) city on the map, which he published in 1934.

Then, in the sixties Kamal Abu El Saadat was the hero, he was one of the Egyptian divers , his work focused on the water under the citadel of Qait Bey and the Cape Lochias(modern El Silsila) ,In 1962 he lifted a life- size statue of a Roman man made of granite without a head and feet from silsila area.

(Kamel Abul-Saadat on the Pharos site,during the field work of a UNESCO mission in October 1968.Source: H. Fro,UNESCO site :http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm)

In the same year, he found a huge statue for a woman made of granite on her chest Isis's knot which had made specialists believe that it’s a statue of the Goddess "Isis Faria". Abu EL- Saadat continued his discoveries; he made two maps for the discovered places, and handed them over to the Greco – Roman Museum. During his life, he was an experienced guide for several missions that worked in the same field.

In 1983, Jacques Dumas and the French navy in coordination with the Egyptian navy discovered the head ship of Napoleon’s fleet "Orient" in depth of eleven meters, eight kms from the shore of Abu Qeir gulf. They had worked for three seasons, they found three more pieces, unfortunately after his death in 1985, the documents of domes had disappeared, but the locations of the ships are still known.

In 1986, the location of "Patriot" was specified, it was the search ship which accompanied the French attack against Egypt; it was drowned close to Agami.

Many objects and equipments belonging to the possessions of the fleet were picked up including iron cannons, some parts of ships, uniforms of the crews like shoes &belts, some coins of gold, silver, and bronze , and day-to-day life's tools. These pieces were exhibited in Qaitbey’s Fort museum after its restoration then transferred to the storage of the marine museum in Stanly to be exhibited after its construction.

By the beginning of the nineties, the submerged monuments field had witnessed a big interest from foreign missions and concerned scientific authorities, and they started working in searching and drilling for submerged monuments in Egypt,most important sites they worked on:

1-The Eastern harbor site:

(After sixteen centuries underwater, treasure is being pulled from Alexandria's Eastern port -photo by Hussein Fathy)

- The Excavation work has been undertaken by IEASM (Institute European for submerged monuments",supervised by Mr. Frank Goddio(French Mission) .

-Discovered the sunken Royal district in the eastern harbor. in addition to 1000 artifacts and remains of ancient palaces .

2-Qaitbey's fort site:

- The chief of this mission is Prof.Jean Eve Am Empreur, head of CEA (Centre D'Etudes D'Alexandrie).

-worked in Qaitbey's fort area since 1994 up until now, The present Citadel in this site was built on the ruins of lighthouse Pharos.

- Found more than 3000 pieces in 6-8 m deep in the sea, varied from statues, sphinxes obelisks,columns , blocks of different sizes, weights and materials, dated to Greco-roman period with a few finds dated from the pharaonic period which were removed from their original locations to be reused in buildings been constructed during the Ptolemaic period like the light house (Pharos), they are now displayed in open air museum at kom El-Dikka close to the so –called Roman Theater.

-The mission is doing the registration and the archeological survey for the north side area of the fort searching for the reminder of sunken ships to prepare a map for these ships and the marine routes and commerce for these ships.

3- Abukir site :

Abukir in antiquity was occupied by a number of settlements, some were dated to the time before the arrival of Alexander the Great, each has its own cult and temple by which it was known, like Canop with the cult of Osiris & temple of Serapis ,Minotes the 2^nd century Roman settlement known for its temple of Isis ,and The Heraclium with a temple for the cult of Heracles.

The first attempt to reveal the underwater history of these cities was undertaken by the Egyptian prince Omar Tousson in 1933 when a marble head of Alexander The Great was discovered near Minotes ..later the excavations came up with more discoveries like structures that once belonged to the temple of Isis.(Priest carrying an effigy of Osiris of Canopus found on the Antirhodos Island near the two sphinxes.©Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation)

As for Canop Island( known now as the island of Nelson) dated to the 5^th century B.C. to the 7^th century A.C., Canop was a residential settlement and used as a stop point that supplied leaving ships with provisions .in this site a naval battle took place in 1798 between the French fleet and its rival the English, three ships sank and their wrecks were found in 1996-1997 located south east of the Island.

But there is an important question: How did the lighthouse wind up under water and all these sites?

(The lighthouse of Pharos )

From the fourth century until the 14th century there were earthquakes in Alexandria. In the Arab sources alone you have more than 20 mentions of earthquakes which affected the lighthouse. And we know that in the 14th century, after the Arabs had made some repairs to the lighthouse, the lighthouse collapsed due to very severe earthquakes.

There is a map in Montpelier, a town in southern France, which indicates that in 1303 the lighthouse of Alexandria was destroyed. In fact, there is an Arab traveler; his name is Ibn Battuta, who came to Alexandria in 1326 for the first time. And he writes, "I could have access to the door of the first floor of the lighthouse." And when he comes back to Alexandria in 1349, he says, "No access to this door. Everything here has collapsed." So in fact, in the first half of the 14th century that very strong earthquake put an end to this tower. This earthquake made the lighthouse collapse in a kind of line from the seashore.

(Next :Alexandria Submerged Antiquities in Egyptian museums)